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Classification of electric vacuum devices

Based on the nature and purpose of energy conversion, vacuum devices can be divided into the following main categories:

1. Electric lighting and fluorescent lamps;

2. Vacuum rectifiers, used to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC);

3. Receiver amplifiers, primarily used to amplify AC in radio receivers and low-power amplifiers;

4. Oscillator and power amplifier tubes, used to generate low- and high-frequency oscillations and serve as power amplifiers.

This category also includes magnetrons, klystrons, and traveling-wave tubes. Magnetrons are devices that generate ultrahigh-frequency oscillations and incorporate a magnetic control system for electron flow. Klystrons and traveling-wave tubes can be used to generate and amplify ultrahigh-frequency oscillations and incorporate systems that control the electron flow by changing the electron velocity.

5. Electron ray tubes, which utilize directed electron beams to transform one electrical signal or image into another. These devices include photoelectric picture tubes (used to capture images in television receivers), oscilloscopes, and so on.

6. Photoelectric devices: These devices convert light radiation into electrical current through the photoelectric effect. These devices include phototubes, etc.

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